Polypropylene (PP)

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Polypropylene (PP) is a linear hydrocarbon polymer, expressed as CnH2n. PP, like polyethylene (see HDPE, L/LLDPE) and polybutene (PB), is a polyolefin or saturated polymer. Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets.

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Contents

1 Development
2 Properties
3 Chemical Structure
4 Manufacture
    4.1 Processing
5 Processing Characteristics
    5.1 Important Shrinkage Factors
6 Grades Available
    6.1 Physical Properties
    6.2 Resistance to Chemicals
7 Applications
  7.1 Breakdown of Injection Moulding
Applications in the UK

8 Grade Selection
 8.1 Advantages
 8.2 Disadvantages
 8.3 Applications
9 Examples of Use
  9.1 Flexible Packaging
  9.2 Rigid Packaging
  9.3 Automotive
  9.4 Consumer Products
      9.4.1 Fibre     
      9.4.2 Industrial
      9.4.3 BOPP Film
10 Find a Supplier of Polypropylene or Another Material

1 Development

Following the work by Ziegler in Germany, the process for producing "stereoregular" polymers was perfected by Professor Giulio Nattain in Italy.  Natta produced the first polypropylene resin in Spain in . Natta utilised catalysts developed for the polyethylene industry and applied the technology to propylene gas.

These new polymers with their ability to crystallise soon became popular and polypropylene is now a very successful product in many areas.  Commercial production began in and polypropylene usage has displayed strong growth from this date. The versatility of the polymer (the ability to adapt to a wide range of fabrication methods and applications) has sustained growth rates enabling PP to challenge the market share of a host of alternative materials in plethora of applications including... 

Type   Product mouldings   automotive components, sailing dinghies, etc. fibres   carpets, bailing twine, clothing, etc. tape   replaced jute film   biaxially oriented film (OPP) foam   structural foam, and low density packging (bead process similar to XPS)

Oriented polypropylene (OPP) has seen considerable growth, having replaced cellophane in virtually all applications.

2 Properties

The properties of Polypropylene include...

• Semi-rigid
• Translucent
• Good chemical resistance
• Tough
• Good fatigue resistance
• Integral hinge property
• Good heat resistance

PP does not present stress-cracking problems and offers excellent electrical and chemical resistance at higher temperatures. While the properties of PP are similar to those of Polyethylene, there are specific differences. These include a lower density, higher softening point (PP doesn't melt below 160oC, Polyethylene, a more common plastic, will anneal at around 100oC) and higher rigidity and hardness. Additives are applied to all commercially produced polypropylene resins to protect the polymer during processing and to enhance end-use performance.

    Homopol Copolym Density / kgm-3 905 905 Price / Tonne / £ 680 620 Tensile Strength / Mpa 33 25 Tensile Modulus / Gpa 1.4 1.0 Elongation at Break / % 150 300 Hardness / Rockwell "R" Scale 90 80 Notched Izod Impact / kJm-1 0.07 0.1 Heat Distortion Temp (HDT) @ 0.45 MPa / °C 105 100 Heat Distortion Temp (HDT) @ 1.80 MPa / °C 65 60 Volume Resistivity / logÙm 19 19 Oxygen Index / % 17 17

3 Chemical Structure 

Linear hydrocarbon polymer, little or no unsaturation. Similar to polyethylene in many properties, especially solution and electrical. However, the presence of the methyl group attached to every alternate backbone chain carbon atom can alter the properties in a number of ways:  

(i)    it can cause a slight stiffening of the chain - increasing the crystalline melting point (Tm);  

(ii)    it can interfere with the molecular symmetry - depressing crystallinity and hence Tm.

Isotactic


Syndiotactic

Atactic

In the case of very regular polymers, ISOTACTIC form, the net result is a melting point some 30oC higher than that for HDPE.

The methyl group also has a chemical effect, i.e. tertiary carbon atom provides a site for oxidation - PP less stable than PE, also peroxides and radiation lead to chain scission rather than cross-linking.

Manufacturers quote "isotactic index" - amount insoluble in hot solvent - which indicates (?) the percentage isotactic polymer in the grade. N.B. usually 90-95% isotactic. Glass transition around 0oC presents problem of embrittlement and this can be altered by copolymerisation (with ethylene  block copolymers) and/or blending with rubber, e.g EPM. Polypropylene does not crystallise so readily as polyethylene, it tends to supercool, and this becomes worse at higher molecular weights.
 

4 Manufacture

Production of polypropylene takes place by slurry, solution or gas phase process, in which the propylene monomer is subjected to heat and pressure in the presence of a catalyst system. Polymerisation is achieved at relatively low temperature and pressure and the product yielded is translucent, but readily coloured. Differences in catalyst and production conditions can be used to alter the properties of the plastic.

Propylene is obtained, along with ethylene, by cracking naphtha (crude oil light distillate). Ethylene, propylene, and higher alkenes are separated by low temperature fractional distillation. From being a byproduct of ethylene in the early 's, propylene is now an important material in its own right.

Polypropylene is a major tonnage polymer with a growth rate higher than the norm for such thermoplastics. This growth rate is partially because of the versatility of polypropylene, and hence the wide range of application areas as indicated above. However, in the UK we have always used more polypropylene than in other European countries, e.g. West Germany. This is particularly the case in injection mouldings, which elsewhere might well be made from high density polyethylene.

4.1 Processing

          Homopolymer Copolymer Melt temperature / °C 210 - 290 210 - 290 Mould temperature / °C 20 - 60 20 - 60 Pre-drying / hours at °C Not required Not required Typical mould shrinkage / % 1.5 2

5 Processing Characteristics

Polypropylene is a relatively easy materials to injection mould in spite of its semicrystalline nature. The absence of any real need for high molecular weight, from the mechanical properties view point, leads to low melt viscosity (easy flow). The pseudoplastic nature of polypropylene enhances this effect at high shear rates (fast filling rates).

Typically melt temperatures for injection moulding are between 200 and 250oC. Though they can be as high as 280, or even 300oC, for short periods of time. With Flame Retardant grades it recommended that 220oC is not exceeded.  Mould filling rates are generally on the high side, to ensure good surface finish and strong mouldings  free of weld lines and flow fronts. Adequate venting of the mould is essential to prevent burn marks.

The melt flow index gives a rough guide to melt flow behaviour, but as a result of the pseudoplastic nature of polypropylene (which is strongly dependant on the molecular weight distribution) this should not be taken too literally. Spiral flow mould data is sometimes provided by manufacturers as a practical means of assessing the flow behaviour, but this is no substitute for the fundamental melt rheological and thermal data which is now becoming more widely available.

Moulding shrinkage of polypropylene is typically around 1%,  but prediction of the actual value is difficult due to the strong influence of moulding conditions. Important factors which affect the shrinkage of polypropylene mouldings include: 

5.1 Important Shrinkage Factors

Increase in Shrinkage Packing/Hold-on pressure Decrease Packing/Hold-on time Decrease Melt temperature Increase Mould temperature Increase Wall thickness Increase Melt Flow Index Decrease Filler content Decrease

As a result of the ease of flow of polypropylene materials they are often chosen for large area mouldings where it is desirable to operate with minimum clamp forces. However for many current polypropylene mouldings, especially where good surface finish is required, it is common practice to use melt temperatures of 250oC combined with high packing pressures (typically about 80 MPa).
 

6 Grades Available

Three types of polypropylene are currently available. Each suits particular specifications and costing (although there is often some overlap).

Homopolymers - A General Purpose Grade that can be used in a variety of different applications.

Block copolymers - incorporating 5-15% ethylene, have much improved impact resistance extending to temperatures below -20oC. Their toughness can be further enhanced by the addition of impact modifiers, traditionally elastomers in a blending process.

Random copolymers - incorporate co-monomer units arranged randomly (as distinct from discrete blocks) along the polypropylene long chain molecule. Such polymers typically containing 1-7% ethylene are selected where a lower melting point, more flexibility and enhanced clarity are advantageous.

Different PP grades are available dependent on the application and chosen processing method.

6.1 Physical Properties

    Tensile Strength 0.95 - 1.30 N/mm² Notched Impact Strength 3.0 - 30.0 Kj/m² Thermal Coefficient of expansion 100 - 150 x 10-6 Max Cont Use Temp 80 °C Density 0.905 g/cm3

6.2  Resistance to Chemicals

  Rating Dilute Acid Very Good Dilute Alkalis Very Good Oils and Greases Moderate (Variable) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Poor Aromatic Hydrocarbons Poor Halogenated Hydrocarbons Poor Alcohols Very Good

 7 Applications

Polypropylene can be processed by virtually all thermoplastic-processing methods. Most typically PP Products are manufactured by: Extrusion Blow Moulding, Injection Moulding, and General Purpose Extrusion. Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) may be moulded in a specialist process.

7.1 Breakdown of Injection Moulding Applications in the UK

Domestic Appliances 8 Automotive 17 Crates and Boxes 40 Housewares 25 Furniture 8 Medical 2 Industrial 5 TOTAL 100

8 Grade Selection

The choice of grade for any application is based on consideration of any, or all, of the following points:

Homopolymer: stronger, stiffer - higher HDT

Copolymer: better impact, more transparent

MFI: ease of flow vs. toughness.

Special grades

• talc filled 10  40% talc increases hardness, and HDT, but at the expense of toughness.
• glass reinforced 30% glass fibre increases strength, stiffness, and HDT, but drastically reduces the impact.

8.1 Advantages

Good chemical resistance. Good fatigue resistance. Better temperature resistance than HDPE. Lower density than HDPE.

8.2 Disadvantages

Oxidative degradation is accelerated by contact with certain materials, e.g. copper. High mould shrinkage and thermal expansion. High creep. Poor U.V. resistance.

8.3 Applications

Buckets, bowls, crates, toys, medical components, washing machine drums, battery cases, bottle caps. Elastomer modified for bumpers, etc. Talc filled for additional stiffness at elevated temperatures - jug kettles, etc. OPP films for packaging (e.g. crisps, biscuits, etc.). Fibres for carpets, sports clothing.

9 Examples of Use

9.1 Flexible Packaging

PP is one of the leading materials used for film extrusion and has in recent years benefited versus cellophane, metals and paper on account of its superior puncture resistance, low sealing threshold and competitive price. PP Film is available either as Cast Film or bi-axially orientated PP (BOPP). The film market may be divided in to three main sectors:

• Food and Confectioneries
• Tobacco
• Clothing

The food and confectioneries sector is the largest of the film markets with usage ranging from confectioneries to crisps and biscuits. Tobacco products represent a significant market for PP (second largest after food and confectioneries). Rigid packaging subdivides into a multitude of packaging applications from caps and closures to pallets and crates.

9.2 Rigid Packaging

Reusable and collapsible/stackable crates are a great application for PP, providing ease to transport (both full and empty) and allow simple, safe and efficient storage of products and are ideal for Just-in-Time (JIT) storage solutions. As a consequence, supermarkets are beginning to revert to use and similar products are finding application in the automotive supply chain.

Caps and Closures manufactured of PP have benefited from growth in the PET bottle market, particularly for mineral water containment and that of edible oil.

PP is blow moulded to produce bottles for the packaging of a range of products including condiments, detergent and toiletries markets, PP thin-walled containers (e.g. yoghurt pots) are also common. PP competes with PS in this field, offering a cheaper material option (processing costs can, however, offset this benefit). PP is semi-crystalline product and consequently has a narrower processing window than PS and tends to display higher shrinkage. Modern thermoforming machinery is capable (with two sets of tools) of processing either PP or PS, consequently the future infiltration of PP is very much dependent on price fluctuations.

9.3 Automotive

In the automotive sector PP is utilised as a monomaterial solution for automotive interiors. The monomaterial dashboard is becoming increasingly achievable, PP film cushioning, film skins, and powder slush moulding and even blow moulded parts with integral PP textile covers are emerging.

Bumpers, cladding, and exterior trim are also available manufactured from polypropylene. Polypropylene developed for such applications provides low coefficient of linear thermal expansion and specific gravity, high chemical resistance and good weatherability, processability and impact/stiffness balance. Improvements with colour-at-the-press and pre-coloured PP have also reduced or eliminated the need for painting in some applications.

9.4 Consumer Products

Products classified in this sector are Housewares, Furniture, Appliances, Luggage, Toys, Battery Cases and other "durable" items for home, garden or leisure use. Injection Moulding dominates the the conversion process used for these products.

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9.41 Fibre

PP Fibre is utilised in a host of applications including tape, strapping, bulk continuous filament, staple fibres, spunbound, and continuous filament.

9.42 Industrial

PP is used to manufacture a range of Sheet, Pipe, Compounding and Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP). With the exception of RTP where Injection Moulding is used, extrusion dominates the conversion process used for these products. Some PP is utilised by the construction sector, most notable domestic drainage pipes.

9.43 BOPP Film - Heat Seal

Customers often experience inconsistent heat seal temperature and heat seal strength with newly developed BOPP film. This is often because of an inconsistent distribution of the heat seal layer thickness at high line speed and extra thin skin gauge. BP has successfully achieved very thin and consistent skin gauge BOPP film products, delivering high clarity (haze <1%), as well as a consistent low SIT heat seal film.

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"Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market" Trends, Analysis, Growth, Share, Status Research Report [122 Pages] - By Types [Below 15 Micron, 15-30 Micron, 30-45 Micron, Above 45 Micron] and Applications [Food & Beverage, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Medical, Other], Including growth factors, market Dynamics, and Competitive Analysis. The most important facts and numbers for the prediction period up to are presented in our report and Tables. The market is anticipated to expand at a magnificent Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) during the forecast period

Browse Detailed TOC, Tables and Figures with Charts that provides exclusive data, information, vital statistics, trends, and competitive landscape details in this niche sector.

Who is the largest manufacturers of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market worldwide?

• Taghleef
• Gettel Group
• Innovia (CCL Industries)
• Oben Group
• Forop
• Polibak
• Inteplast Group
• Jindal Poly Films
• Vibac
• Treofan
• Vitopel
• SIBUR
• Cosmo Films
• Kinlead Packaging
• Zhongshan Wing Ning
• Toray Plastics
• Guofeng Plastic
• Profol
• FSPG
• Uflex
• Mitsui Chemicals Tohcello
• Tatrafan
• Wolff LDP
• Hongqing Packing Material

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Short Description About Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market:

The Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period, between and . In , the market is growing at a steady rate and with the rising adoption of strategies by key players, the market is expected to rise over the projected horizon.

BOPP Films is a stretched polypropylene film which provides outstanding strength, rigidity, transparency and gloss on top of superior moisture roof properties.

BOPP Metalized Films are manufactured using a tenter frame sequential process or the double bubble process, in which a polypropylene (PP) film is oriented in two directions (machine and transverse directions). BOPP Metalized Films are typically used for packaging films, print lamination films, label films etc.

Market Analysis and Insights: Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market size is estimated to be worth USD million in and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by with a CAGR of 3.7Percent during the forecast period -.

For the major players of BOPP film, Taghleef maintained its first place in the ranking. Followed by Gettel Group, Innovia (CCL Industries), Oben Group and Forop. The Top 5 players accounted for 16Percent of the Global BOPP film revenue market share.

Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Scope and Market Size

The global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market is segmented by region (country), company, by Type and by Application. Players, stakeholders, and other participants in the global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market will be able to gain the upper hand as they use the report as a powerful resource. The segmental analysis focuses on sales, revenue and forecast by region (country), by Type and by Application for the period -.

What are the factors driving the growth of the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market?

Growing demand for below applications around the world has had a direct impact on the growth of the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films

• Food & Beverage
• Personal Care & Cosmetics
• Medical
• Other

What are the types of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films available in the Market?

Based on Product Types the Market is categorized into Below types that held the largest Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market share In .

• Below 15 Micron
• 15-30 Micron
• 30-45 Micron
• Above 45 Micron

Which regions are leading the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market?

• North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Turkey etc.)
• Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam)
• South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia etc.)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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This Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Research/Analysis Report Contains Answers to your following Questions

• What are the global trends in the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market? Would the market witness an increase or decline in the demand in the coming years?
• What is the estimated demand for different types of products in Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films? What are the upcoming industry applications and trends for Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market?
• What Are Projections of Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Industry Considering Capacity, Production and Production Value? What Will Be the Estimation of Cost and Profit? What Will Be Market Share, Supply and Consumption? What about Import and Export?
• Where will the strategic developments take the industry in the mid to long-term?
• What are the factors contributing to the final price of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films? What are the raw materials used for Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films manufacturing?
• How big is the opportunity for the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market? How will the increasing adoption of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films for mining impact the growth rate of the overall market?
• How much is the global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market worth? What was the value of the market In ?
• Who are the major players operating in the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market? Which companies are the front runners?
• Which are the recent industry trends that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams?
• What Should Be Entry Strategies, Countermeasures to Economic Impact, and Marketing Channels for Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Industry?

Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market - Covid-19 Impact and Recovery Analysis:

We were monitoring the direct impact of covid-19 in this market, further to the indirect impact from different industries. This document analyzes the effect of the pandemic on the Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films market from a international and nearby angle. The document outlines the marketplace size, marketplace traits, and market increase for Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films industry, categorised with the aid of using kind, utility, and patron sector. Further, it provides a complete evaluation of additives concerned in marketplace improvement in advance than and after the covid-19 pandemic. Report moreover done a pestel evaluation within the business enterprise to study key influencers and boundaries to entry.

Our studies analysts will assist you to get custom designed info to your report, which may be changed in phrases of a particular region, utility or any statistical info. In addition, we're constantly inclined to conform with the study, which triangulated together along with your very own statistics to make the marketplace studies extra complete for your perspective.

Final Report will add the analysis of the impact of Russia-Ukraine War and COVID-19 on this Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Industry.

Detailed TOC of Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Research Report, -

1 Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films 1.2 Classification of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films by Type 1.2.1 Overview: Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size by Type: Versus Versus 1.2.2 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue Market Share by Type in 1.3 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market by Application 1.3.1 Overview: Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size by Application: Versus Versus 1.4 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size and Forecast 1.5 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size and Forecast by Region 1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends 1.6.1 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Drivers 1.6.2 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Restraints 1.6.3 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Trends Analysis

2 Company Profiles 2.1 Company 2.1.1 Company Details 2.1.2 Company Major Business 2.1.3 Company Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Product and Solutions 2.1.4 Company Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (,,, and ) 2.1.5 Company Recent Developments and Future Plans

3 Market Competition, by Players 3.1 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue and Share by Players (,,, and ) 3.2 Market Concentration Rate 3.2.1 Top3 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Players Market Share in 3.2.2 Top 10 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Players Market Share in 3.2.3 Market Competition Trend 3.3 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided 3.4 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Mergers and Acquisitions 3.5 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films New Entrants and Expansion Plans

4 Market Size Segment by Type 4.1 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue and Market Share by Type (-) 4.2 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Forecast by Type (-)

5 Market Size Segment by Application 5.1 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue Market Share by Application (-) 5.2 Global Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Forecast by Application (-)

6 Regions by Country, by Type, and by Application 6.1 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue by Type (-) 6.2 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue by Application (-) 6.3 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size by Country 6.3.1 Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Revenue by Country (-) 6.3.2 United States Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size and Forecast (-) 6.3.3 Canada Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size and Forecast (-) 6.3.4 Mexico Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Films Market Size and Forecast (-)

7 Research Findings and Conclusion

8 Appendix 8.1 Methodology 8.2 Research Process and Data Source 8.3 Disclaimer

9 Research Methodology

10 Conclusion

Continued&#;.

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