Ribbed and Waffle Slabs - Types, Advantages ...

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Ribbed or waffle slabs are special types of slab systems designed to optimize structural efficiency and aesthetic appeal. These slabs consist of parallel reinforced concrete T beams that connect with concrete girders, forming a sturdy and effective composite. The lower portion of the beams, known as ribs, is typically tapered and spaced between 20-30 inches apart to ensure stability and strength.

Different Types of Ribbed and Waffle Slabs

There are primarily two varieties when it comes to ribbed slab systems:

1. One-way ribbed slab system
2. Two-way ribbed slab system (Waffle system)

Let's delve into each type to understand their unique features:

One-way Ribbed Slab System

In a one-way joist floor system, small reinforced concrete T beams, or joists, are set at regular intervals using steel pans. Concrete is then poured into these spaces, forming the ribs and casting the slab as the flange of the T beam. These joists connect with girders, which are ultimately supported by building columns. With this method, it's possible to achieve a structurally sound and visually appealing floor system.

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Two-way Ribbed Slab System (Waffle System)

The two-way ribbed slab system, often referred to as the waffle system, is designed to reduce the weight of traditional full-concrete slabs. Dome-shaped forms create voids surrounded by orthogonal ribbing, resulting in a robust two-way configuration ideal for large spans. These voids significantly decrease the dead load, making the structure more efficient. The exposed ceiling created by the waffle slabs not only accommodates electrical installations but also enhances the aesthetic value of the space.

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Advantages of Ribbed and Waffle Slabs

1. Eliminates tension stress on the slab's tension side, which is not feasible with concrete alone due to its limited tensile strength.
2. Cost-effective for buildings with minor live loads, such as apartments and hotels.
3. Capable of spanning long distances, making them suitable for buildings requiring extensive spans.
4. Enhances architectural aesthetics by providing convenient spaces for electrical installations.
5. Results in thinner slabs compared to other systems, thereby reducing the slab’s overall weight.
6. Lighter and stiffer compared to equivalent flat slabs.
7. Reduces foundation requirements by lowering the ultimate load.
8. Prone to less vibration, making them ideal where vibration concerns are valid.

Disadvantages of Ribbed and Waffle Slabs

1. Not suitable for buildings with heavy live loads, such as manufacturing plants and warehouses.
2. Slab thickness must meet fire resistance standards.
3. High formwork costs.
4. Can be challenging to install electrical equipment.

References

• Design of Concrete Structures 14th Edition by H. Nilson

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